It is sometimes absolutely impossible to discuss even the basic biology of a species without diving 20 feet under, into the de-oxygenated regions of its taxonomic and nomenclatural history.

No idea what I’m talking about? Let me try. Find this plant in Guatemala. Find it in Peru. It used to masquerade under vastly different names, of which the most common were Ruellia metallica, Ruellia riopalenquensis, Ruelia pennellii, and Ruellia consocialis. Come on! Ruellia metallica alone is enough to intrigue the mind…

Anyway, it turns out that after 10 years of sweating over the subject, we decided that all these names represent the same species. See Tripp & McDade 2012 (Brittonia).

Oh – there is other gunk in the mix, too. Ruellia pygmaea, Ruellia oaxacana…. check back in 20 years. And yes, I measure my life in coffee spoons, too.

The open flowers of this species aren’t exactly remarkable, so I thought I’d show you a photo of cleistogamous flowers in Ruellia. They are common throughout the genus. Never open. Subject only to self pollination. Ahh, the life.

Wild collected, Costa Rica, Tripp & Salazar-Amoretti #148 (DUKE); photo by Erin Tripp

Tom and I aren’t so sure about this “species”….it has a lot of Ruellia caroliniensis in it, but… until we are able to see this thing in the field and assess otherwise, call it a south Florida endemic.

Not vouchered, cultivated San Francisco Conservatory [originally from Florida]; Photo by Tom Daniel

This was my earliest love – it along with Ruellia humilis. Together, these are the first species of Ruellia that I saw alive / in the field, and also the first I ever conducted research on (however elementary it may have been).

The love affair started with a one year internship I held in Philadelphia, joint between Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania and The Academy of Natural Sciences – oldest natural history institution in the Western world.

As the “Flora of Pennsylvania Intern”, I was tasked with developing a research project on some aspect of the state flora. There was a slight problem: I was fresh off the tepuis of western Guyana and had caught the tropical botany bug in a rather serious way.

Hence my conundrum: I wanted to work on tropical plants, but I had to work on something Pennsylvanian. I also liked pretty flowers, and at the time I was sort of into conservation biology / rare and endangered species. I also wanted to study a group of plants that was wide ranging geographically such that I’d forever have an excuse to travel to distant lands.

Put it all together, and you wind up with Ruellia: a tropical genus that reaches its northeastern limit in Pennsylvania, where a couple of species happen to be rare, one other is extirpated, and all are a pleasure to gaze at… to the botanist hot on gaudy flowers.

Ruellia strepens is easily distinguished from all other eastern North American species by its wide calyx lobes. Through subsequent fieldwork across the eastern US, I later learned that some populations of this species produce resupinate flowers, such as those on the limestone outcrops of north-central Alabama (pictured here)… a place I have called home for many years.

Wild collected, USA, Tripp & Family #547 (RSA-POM); Photo by Erin Tripp

Here we have a wide-ranging species from Central America to Mexico. It belongs to the “long pedunculate group”, as Lucinda and I have affectionately (or sometimes unaffectionately) referred to as such, which includes a host of other things that aren’t exactly screaming “UNIQUE!” to the botanist…

Wild collected, Costa Rica, Tripp & Salazar-Amoretti #151 (DUKE); Photo (I am embarrassed to say) by Erin Tripp. Not a pretty one.

This species is surely sister to or very very near to Ruellia tubiflora and also must be related to another oddity that T2 (Matt Schreiber), Manuel Luján, and I just picked up in Ecuador (see Ruellia vel. aff. tubiflora, Tripp et al. 6776).

I predict this species, whatever it ends up being, will nicely clade up with R. tubiflora and the pile of other ‘cone-like inflorescence scar’ species in Ebracteolate, following molecular work. Bet you 100 Colombian Pesos.

We found it in two localities in southern Colombia, both in the vicinity of Morelia (not far from Florencia). Grows in very wet, still, quiet forests…

Wild collected, Colombia, Tripp et al. #5227 & 5228 (COLO); Photos by Erin Tripp, Manuel Luján, Grant Godden

Here’s a complex issue. Call it whatever you wish for the moment: Ruellia brittoniana, Ruellia malacosperma, Ruellia coerulea… given the available data, or rather lack thereof, I think colleagues Cecilia Ezcurra and Tom Daniel did a fine job of placing all these names into synonymy with the oldest available name for the taxon, Ruellia simplex Wright, in their 2007 Darwiniana paper. It may very well turn out that “Ruellia simplex” is composed of multiple species…. or not. But it is going to take some serious molecular data, and an intrepid graduate student.

Whatever the case may be, all these entities together form a species complex that is, to me, pretty distinctive, and can’t be confused with any other recognized species in the genus. This plant is cultivated for its attractive growth form and alluring flowers (see photo) but unfortunately, has become a noxious weed in some areas such as subtropical Florida. For several years, I have been working with horticulturist Rosanna Freyre at the University of Florida to attempt to understand what, if any, threats this species poses to the widely distributed native Ruellia caroliniensis.

Not vouchered, Mexico; Photo by Erin Tripp

Is this species even validly published? [note to self to check; yep, it is…. Vellozo 1825; now to sort thru the type material….].

Regardless of the correct name for this plant, it is super distinctive owing to its paired, large, leafy floral bracts. It reminds me of but of course is totally unrelated to the only other species in the genus with this sort of paired configuration: Ruellia boranica…. named by our dear friend and colleague Ensermu Kelbessa, who recently passed from this fine Earth.

The leaves of Ruellia solitaria are also incredibly fleshy (yep: just took the dive; first step is feigning familiarity), which is rather distinctive in the genus. Fits right into an everwet tropical rainforest.

It’s floral pigments are interesting too… not purple, not red… that in betweeny thing I can sympathize with.
Where does the plant get off being so variegated? Does it have some foreign genomic material that we don’t know about? Do I?

A lot to learn about this one. Keeps the botanists in business….

Wild collected, Brazil, Cíntia Kameyama #326 w/ Lucinda McDade (COLO); Photos by Cíntia Kameyama

I owe Victor Steinmann a great deal of gratitude for steering me towards populations of this plant. When I wrote my taxonomic revision of Ruellia section Chiropterophila, this amazing species was known from only one collection. Just as the page proofs for my manuscript were coming in, I received word from Victor of his discovery of a second population. Fortunately, I was able to include this information in that publication (Tripp 2010, Systematic Botany).

Since that time, I’ve had the fortune of seeing this species in the wild myself, on a trip with Carrie Kiel and Kristen Hasenstab-Lehman, quite late in the day, with the sun quickly fading. True to the clade, flowers of R. sarukhaniana start to open at dusk, and shortly thereafter, anthers dehisce. Most likely another one of these “I want to be bat pollinated but for now I’m stuck with hummingbirds” plants.

Ruellia sarukhaniana is locally endemic to a small portion of the Sierra Madre del Sur of Mexico. Based on the highly branching, narrowly linear / near fimbriate inflorescence bracts, it is closest relative should be R. jaliscana, but better / more suitable molecular markers are needed to sort this out. It is distinguishable from the latter by its narrow leaves.

Wild collected, Mexico, Tripp et al. #1230 (RSA-POM); Photo by Erin Tripp

Hey! The Saccate Ruellia! What more do you need to know? CHECK OUT THAT COROLLA NECTAR POUCH. I’d spread that goo on my toast, for sure.

Ruellia saccata was discovered by colleague Alexander Schmidt-Lebuhn during his extensive fieldwork in Bolivia while working on his dissertation. He found it in the Rurrenabaque region: SPECIAL FOR ACANTHACEAE. Alexander was kind enough to involve me in dialog on this curious new entity. But not much of it (dialogue) was required: his collection was certainly representative of a new species.

Ruellia saccata is happily at home in the Physiruellia clade. Ever a doubt? Check the hygroscopic trichomes on the seeds… they are restricted to the margins.

Wild collected, Bolivia, Schmidt-Lebuhn #60 (LPB)

Update (Sep 2016): Saw this species in Pre-Andean Amazonian wet forest in Bolivia, September 2016. Great to finally see it in the wild after assisting with its species description and publication. As beautiful up close as in the photos! Note the wonderful combination of contrasting purple and red floral parts. Only the second known collection of this species also from the Rurrenabaque area. This time collected on steep slopes of a beautiful drainage in the mountains.

Wild collected, Bolivia, Tripp et al. #5992 (COLO); Photos by Manuel Luján; Blog post by Dina Clark

I am not the most knowledgeable person about this species, but it seems happily at home in the Physiruellia clade owing to several plant features (see Tripp 2007, Systematic Botany). I always thought it had lipstick red flowers like many other species in this clade (e.g., see those discussed by Cecilia Ezcurra in her insightful 1989 publication in Darwiniana), but this photo suggests they have the mauve thing going on…which makes me want to study its anthocyanin composition.

Wild collected, Bolivia, Schmidt-Lebuhn #933 (HAL, LPB)

Update (Sep 2016): Got to see this species in Bolivia and collected material so will get an answer soon about its anthocyanin composition.

Wild collected, Bolivia, Tripp et al. #6028 (COLO; Photos by Manuel Luján